HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Bischoff-Grethe, A. Articles by Grafton, S. T. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Bischoff-Grethe, A. Articles by Grafton, S. T.

Neural Substrates of Response-based Sequence Learning using fMRI

San Diego VA Healthcare System
University of California

Kelly M. Goedert

Pacific Lutheran University

Daniel T. Willingham

University of Virginia

Scott T. Grafton

Dartmouth College

Representation of sequential structure can occur with respect to the order of perceptual events or the order in which actions are linked. Neural correlates of sequence retrieval associated with the order of motor responses were identified in a variant of the serial reaction time task in which training occurred with a spatially incompatible mapping between stimuli and finger responses. After transfer to a spatially compatible version of the task, performance enhancements indicative of learning were only present in subjects required to make finger movements in the same order used during training. In contrast, a second group of subjects performed the compatible task using an identical sequence of stimuli (and different order of finger movements) as in training. They demonstrated no performance benefit, indicating that learning was response based. Analysis was restricted to subjects demonstrating low recall of the sequence structure to rule out effects of explicit awareness. The interaction of group (motor vs. perceptual transfer) with sequence retrieval (sequencing vs. rest) revealed significantly greater activation in the bilateral supplementary motor area, cingulate motor area, ventral premotor cortex, left caudate, and inferior parietal lobule for subjects in the motor group (illustrating successful sequence retrieval at the response level). Retrieval of sequential responses occurs within mesial motor areas and related motor planning areas.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J Duque, R Mazzocchio, K Stefan, F Hummel, E Olivier, and L. G. Cohen Memory Formation in the Motor Cortex Ipsilateral to a Training Hand Cereb Cortex, June 1, 2008; 18(6): 1395 - 1406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. S. Cross, P. J. Schmitt, and S. T. Grafton Neural Substrates of Contextual Interference during Motor Learning Support a Model of Active Preparation. J. Cogn. Neurosci., November 1, 2007; 19(11): 1854 - 1871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Perez, S. P. Wise, D. T. Willingham, and L. G. Cohen Neurophysiological Mechanisms Involved in Transfer of Procedural Knowledge J. Neurosci., January 31, 2007; 27(5): 1045 - 1053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Wolfensteller, R. I. Schubotz, and D. Y. von Cramon "What" Becoming "Where": Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence for Pragmatic Relevance Driving Premotor Cortex J. Neurosci., November 17, 2004; 24(46): 10431 - 10439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]