J. Cogn. Neurosci.
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(Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2003;15:1149-1159.)
© 2003 The MIT Press

Processing Tonal Modulations: An ERP Study

Stefan Koelsch

Max-Planck-Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience
Harvard Medical School

Thomas Gunter

Max-Planck-Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience

Erich Schröger

University of Leipzig

Angela D. Friederici

Max-Planck-Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience

A common stylistic element of Western tonal music is the change of key within a musical sequence (known as modulation in musical terms). The aim of the present study was to investigate neural correlates of the cognitive processing of modulations with event-related brain potentials. Participants listened to sequences of chords that were infrequently modulating. Modulating chords elicited distinct effects in the event-related brain potentials: an early right anterior negativity reflecting the processing of a violation of musical regularities and a late frontal negativity taken to reflect processes of harmonic integration. Additionally, modulations elicited a tonic negative potential suggested to reflect cognitive processes characteristic for the processing of tonal modulations, namely, the restructuring of the "hierarchy of harmonic stability" (which specifies musical expectations), presumably entailing working memory operations. Participants were "nonmusicians"; results thus support the hypothesis that nonmusicians have a sophisticated (implicit) knowledge about musical regularities.


Key Words: Auditory processing • music • ERP • ERAN • MMN • N5 • working memory • modulation




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